The Turks to set foot on their domain

To support and to serve the army of the Faithful who had settled in the countrya warrior-caste whose privileges resulted from their religionwas, in Servia, as in all the other provinces of Turkey, the lot of the ltnja. They were compelled to till the land, and to pay the taxes. Let us consider what these were.

The subjectwho, in the event of proving refractory, would be doomed to death or imprisonment pays poll-money to the Sultan, according to the ordinances of the Koran: “ Oppress them,” it is said therein, concerning the Infidels, “until they pay poll-tax and are humbled.”

To this verse of the Koran the Turkish sultans have always appealed, when at any time they, like Achmet 11., have found themselves under the necessity of enacting new laws regarding taxation.* Every male, from seven years of age, is obliged to pay the poll-tax to the end of his days. The tesl’cres, or stamped receipts, which are sent from Constantinople, serve at once as proofs of acknowledged submission, as certificates for protection, and as passports for those by whom they are received.

In the Servian territories there were still some districts remaining under Christian Kneses, or princes; for instance, the Krciina, which was under the hereditary dominion of the Karapand- shitsch, who enjoyed princely authority. And although it may not be true that they possessed the privilege of forbidding any shod horse belonging to the Turks to set foot on their domain, they had the right of refusing to allow a Spahi or a native Turk to settle on their land.

They paid their customary tribute to a Beg, who resided in Kladowo. In a nearly similar manner the Rash- kowitsches for some time had possession of Stariwla. Ivliutsch was governed by elective Ivneses. In the Paclmlic of Belgrade, however, which by way of pre-eminence was called Serfwijaleti, the Spahis were regarded as the proprietors of the villages.

Compared with former times, the Spahis had this advantage, that their rights had by degrees become hereditary: but hence it followed that these were more rigidly fixed than formerty.

They received a tithe of all that the field, vineyard, or beehive produced ; and also a small tax on each head of cattle. Moreover, they had a right to demand for themselves a tax, called Glawnitza, of two piastres, from every married couple. To avoid unpleasant inquiries into the extent of their income, many persons added a portion of the tithe to the Glawnitza. In some parts of the country the people agreed to pay the Spahis for each married couple, whether rich or poor, ten piastres a year in full of all dues. This was at once accepted, as it enabled the Spahis to ascertain the amount on which they might annually reckon.

The Antarctic Treaty

Compared to other international agreements the Treaty is remarkably short – just 14 articles. But it conveys powerful principles and at its core is Article IV, an elegant solution to the sovereignty issue.

During the life of the Treaty it precludes new or enlarged claims and prevents activities from enhancing or detracting from existing claims. It thus holds the status quo by protecting the interests of all Parties: those who made sovereign claims, those who reserved the right to claim, and those who reject claims completely. Its simplicity is that it did not set aside the claims – it just sets aside arguments about them. This is one reason why the continent has never seen war.

The Treaty is founded on the principle in its opening paragraph – that it is in the interests of world that the region be used exclusively for peaceful purposes and that Antarctica should never be the scene or object of international discord. It prohibits military manoeuvres, weapons testing and disposing of nuclear waste.

The Treaty applies to the area south of 60°South and thus covers a vast region. Importantly, the Treaty is as much about rights as it is about obligations. For example, it is a Party’s right to undertake research anywhere they like in Antarctica and have scientific results made freely available. In addition, at any time Parties can inspect the activities and stations of others. In this sense it became the world’s first armaments inspection regime, although in practice inspections are used mainly for environmental compliance.

Such a short Treaty could not possibly cover all the activities that needed governing. It therefore provided for Parties to meet and adopt measures to advance the scope of the Treaty regime. These meetings comprise the original 12 Parties to the Treaty, plus states that have subsequently acceded to the Treaty.

There are now 53 Parties, of which 29 are the so-called Consultative Parties entitled to participate in decision-making. This provides an additional and potentially far-reaching right – to initiate significant change in the way the Treaty approaches the region’s management. The consultative meetings have thus been used to launch discussions leading to entirely new agreements, including:

Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals 1978

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources 1980

Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities 1988 (this convention is unlikely to enter into force – article on Mining in Antarctica)

 

Toulouse

Facing the Mediterranean on one side and the atlantic on the other, Toulouse is one of europe’s oldest settlements.

Art day and night

Toulouse is among the most vibrant cities not just of France but of all Europe. And music makes itself felt almost everywhere in the city. The strains of jazz, classical and alternative music spill over into the streets from the city’s many charming cafes. A rich array of artistic events and festivals at almost every season of the year make Toulouse one of France’s biggest drawing points.

If you’ve decided to explore and get to know France, then you must include Toulouse on your list. The streets of this city, where art and music never stop 24/7, will boggle your mind.

An impressive Cultural Fabric

The history of Toulouse goes back more than two thousand years, its foundations laid by Europe’s most mysterious people, the Celts.

But the Romans, the Visigoths and Saint Sernin, who introduced Christianity to the city, all had a major influence on its deep-rooted past. The roof tiles and bricks unique to the region constitute the most striking feature of the local architecture. Built of these local bricks, the St. Sernin Basilica stands out in all its glory. And Le Capitol Square and the National Theater building are the concrete embodiments of the city’s cultural identity.

La Ville Rose

The rising and setting sun create magnificent plays of light on the city’s brick texture, and the rainbow of reflections engendered by this interplay of nature and architecture has led to the city being dubbed ‘La Ville Rose’, the pink city.

The Garonne River and Pont Neuf

Toulouse’s finest views are to be seen along the banks of the Garonne River. The Pont Neuf, or ‘new bridge, that joins its two banks adorns the river like a necklace, literally begging visitors to photograph the rhythmic repetition of its arches in the water. The river bank is also ideal for a pleasant evening stroll. Old books, postcards and other memorabilia are sold in the flea markets, secondhand shops and bookstalls that line the river on both sides and spill over into the side streets

Sponsored by the Andalucia government open de Andalucia do golf by Turkish Airlines.

Tournament was held in march in the spanish city of Malaga. Turkish Airlines was official airline partner for the event.

Winner of this year’s tournament, played by golf’s world stars was Paul Lawrie of Scotland. The organizer of the Open de Andalucia de Golf by Turkish Airlines tournament is Spain’s most world-famous golfer, the legendary Miguel Angel Jimenez, in whose hometown, Malaga, the Open de Andalucia was held at the Parador de Malaga golf course.

And more: https://universal.doholidays.com/toulouse/

Colombia is all that

Exceptional diving, pristine nature, sensational architecture and archaeological sites, as well as great food, fantastic coffee and the kind of alluring exotic culture that’ll make you want to swap your residency after just one visit: Colombia is all that.

Check out all the best Things to do in Colombia – and discover why this is the epitome destination for travellers with an insatiable hunger for utterly unique travel experiences.

Once renowned as a sanctuary for drug lords and all sorts of shady characters of ill-repute, Colombia has truly blossomed into one of the most delightful and rewarding travel destination in all of Latin America.

To discerning travellers, those who consistency look for underrated meccas, Colombia has been a paradise of adventurous exploits for quite a few years now, and although the country has actually been a very safe place to visit for more than a decade it seems to have recently reached a cult-like status among lovers of all things Latin American.

Colombia’s Best Highlights

From mysterious pre-Inca ruins to charming colonial historic centres, thriving modern cities, breathtaking mountains, outstanding coral reefs, Caribbean beaches, salsa dancing and even a titillating slice of the Amazon: if you’re looking for a comprehensive taste of all that is deliciously Latin American, Colombia delivers BIG time.

Bogotá

For most travellers, the capital city of Bogotá gifts the first real taste of Colombia, and what a delectable taste it is. The vibrant city’s resurgence has resulted in a swathe of gentrified suburbs, with trendy restaurants, hotels, bars and cafés opening at a head-spinning speed all over the city.

With copious options of high-end shopping, fine-dining, museum hopping, street-art admiring and a sensational nightlife that’ll turn you into a party-owl, Bogotá is worthy of a few days’ stay at the very least.

Meander through artsy La Candelaria quarter, get acquainted with Botero’s masterpieces at his eponymous museum, weave through a cluster of glittering skyscrapers and take a relaxing stroll through the colourful botanical gardens. Day trips to nearby attractions (such as striking underground Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá) can be reason enough to stay an extra day.

Cartagena

Even in the midst of Colombia’s most tumultuous years, Cartagena’s splendour never dulled. Widely regarded as South America’s best preserved colonial city, this is a place which showcases its less-than-stellar past in tremendous fashion.

This walled, now UNESCO-listed treasure may have been literally built on the sweat-drenched back of slaves and miners yet instead of shying away from its past Cartagena pays homage to it in a breathtaking way. Set in a picturesque cove along the Caribbean Coast and boasting dreamy architecture, a rainbow of colours and oozing romance at every turn, Cartagena will capture your heart in a mere second, so make sure you plan to spend plenty of days here to soak up the sights of grand plazas, imposing cathedrals, fortresses, flower-filled balconies and enticing maze of cobblestone streets.

Medellin

During the days of Pablo Escobar, Medellin was famously thriving for all the wrong reasons. Yet nowadays, it’s foreign tourists who spill out of its busy streets by day and head up into the surrounding hills by night in search of that ‘iconic’ night-time view.

Set in a narrow valley and framed by imposing and very picturesque mountains, and now boasting a popular cable-car system that saw it voted one of the world’s ‘most innovative cities’, Medellin is trying hard to lure tourists with promises of an amazing welcome, delicious food, excellent nightlife and an impressive list of things to see and do. The city’s increasing popularity testament to the fact that all those promises are more than fulfilled.